The archaeological research assistant is the only way to interrogate aspects of life in the communities that existed before the invention of writing five thousand years ago. The archaeological research constitutes an important tributary to the enrichment of our knowledge of ancient societies that left written records.
The Archaeology in the Americas, a branch of anthropology (Anthropology); a study of the human race and its heritage of intellectual and physical. According to archaeologists in Europe that their work is closely related to the field of history, archeology, however, is different from the science of history on the one hand, historians studying mainly the march of peoples based on written records.
Archaeologists looking forward to see how it evolved civilizations, and to know the time and place where this development occurred. As well as those looking like Darcy social sciences on the causes of the fundamental changes that have made people in the ancient world, stop fishing for example, and are turning to agriculture. And develop others Atharion theories concerning the reasons that led people to build cities and establish trade routes. In addition, some archaeologists looking for the reasons behind the fall of previous civilizations, the Maya civilization in Central America, and Roman civilization in Europe.
What do archaeologists study?
Archaeologists examine any evidence that could help them to understand the lives of people who lived in ancient times. Range from archaeological evidence of the remnants of a big city, and a few split (cut) stones, left by one who made stone tools since long times.
The three basic types of archaeological evidence are: 1 - Findings made 2 - phenomena 3 - Findings natural. As for the Findings made, it is the man-made materials and can be transferred from one place to another without altering their appearance. It includes items such as arrowheads, pots and beads. Can also involve the community in relation to a history written on clay tablets and other written records. The phenomena consist mainly of houses and tombs, irrigation canals, and many other facilities, built by ancient peoples. Unlike the tools, it can not separate phenomena from its surroundings, without a change in shape. The Findings of natural, they are natural substances that are found side by side with tools and phenomena. Findings reveal the way people interact in ancient times with their surroundings. Findings include natural, for example, seeds and animal bones.
And called the place, which includes the directory name of the archaeological archaeological site. To understand the behavior of people who occupied the archaeological sites, we have to study the relations between instruments made and natural phenomena and Findings, which was discovered at the archaeological site. For example, the discovery of the heads of spears stone near the bones of extinct type of water buffalo at a site in the state of New Mexico, shows that these early human groups, the buffalo hunt in that region.
How archaeologists gather information?
Archaeologists use special techniques and methods for the collection of archaeological evidence collectively accurate, systematic, and keep detailed records on the Findings of archaeological, because the detailed archaeological excavation damage the archaeological remains in question.
Location:
Determine the archaeological site is the first step, which must archaeologist to do. And archaeological sites may be located above ground, as may be underground or under water. Include sites that are under water on the sunken ships, or entire cities flooded as a result of changes have taken place on the surface of the ground or on the water level.
May identify some of the archaeological sites easily, because they see with the naked eye, or can be traced through the descriptions that have been reported in the old stories, or other historical records. And include such sites in Pyramids of Egypt, and the city of Athens in ancient Greece. There are archaeological sites, less clear was discovered by chance people who are not archaeologists, for example, discovered four years to 1940, a cave Aso, in the south-west of France, during their search for their dog. Found in this cave mural paintings dating back to prehistory.
The archaeologists have many important discoveries, and discussed on tirelessly over many years, for a particular site or some kind of sites. In this way discovered the English archaeologist Howard Carter in 1922, the grave is full of treasures for the ancient Egyptian King Tutankhamun.
Archaeologists use scientific methods to find the archaeological sites. The traditional way to discover all the archaeological sites in the region, are from the survey on foot. The archaeologists when they use this method spreading out from each other certain spaces, and walking directions drawn. And everyone was looking for archaeological evidence, the other forward. Archaeologists and uses this method when they want to distinguish the region, which includes archaeological sites from those where there is no such sites. For example, they can use this method, to ensure that archaeological sites exist for a certain region in the tops of the hills and not in the valleys.
And follow the ways of scientific archaeologists to assist in the detection of archaeological sites beneath the surface. The advent of air, for example, shows the differences in plant growth, which in turn refers to the existence of archaeological evidence. Plants in the longer part of the field may be planted over the grave of old, or over an irrigation canal. The shorter plants in the other part of the field, may be planted in the soil above the shallow old building or road. In addition to that used metal detectors, to see if there were metal tools, already buried in the ground at a depth of not more than 180 cm.
Site Survey:
The first stage of the study carried out by archaeologists to a site, is a description of this site. Recorded as these detailed notes about the location of the site, the type of archaeological evidence on the pillar surface. Also took photographs of this site.
The archaeologists mapping for most archaeological sites are discovered. The type of the map drawn on the importance of the site and the objectives of the study and the amount of time and money-extended. And baptizing them in some cases to map after it is simplified the process of measuring dimensions, whether the steps or using a measuring tape. And used in other cases, special tools to clear the archaeological site carefully, and to draw detailed maps to it.
How do scientists explain archaeological monuments Findings?
Archaeologists follow three basic steps in the interpretation of the directory in which they find are: 1 - Category 2 - History 3 - The study and analysis.
Category:
Can archaeologists interpret the archaeological Findings, if they could see patterns of spread of the tools in time and place. To reach these patterns must first classify the tools into groups each group containing Mosurat similar. The Statutes of the classification are: the qualitative and sequential (sequence Trza).
Typology. Materials are classified into groups according to their forms, and methods of manufacture, and functions. And called each of these Findings species. For example, are all similar ceramic pots found in one location, one type, while the other pots are similar from another site another kind.
Category sequential (sequence Trza). Resulted in materials with the same species, all in the series reflect changes in the model. These changes have either been acquired gradually over time, or the result of the spread of civilization in other areas. In many cases, you must know the materials to determine the age of the first and last article in the series.
History:
Archaeologists are different ways to determine the age old and Findings of these methods can be divided into two basic types are: 1 - history of relative 2 - absolute dating.
Relative dating. Trying to figure out some of the Findings presented in relation to each other. That is the way history relative comparisons made do not provide the dates are real. For example, archaeologists can determine the relative ages of the bones that they might find in a site, through this measure them because they contain the bones of the fluoride, because fluoride in groundwater replace other elements in the bones and increase over time. Thus, the older bone age are those that contain more than the amount of fluorine.
Absolute dating. Found limits the age in years. There are many ways to the history of the Absolute. And the way they are used in each case is based mainly on the quality of the material that determines its history.
The most widely used method to determine the history of the ancient remains of plants, animals or human beings is the radiocarbon dating. This method relies on the fact that living organisms are constantly absorbing two types of carbon atoms, two carbon 12 and carbon 14. Called carbon-14 atoms of carbon are also radioactive, the atoms are unstable, and turn into nitrogen atoms. So when an object dies, the ratio of carbon 14 to carbon 12 decreases to a certain degree up to a known rate. As a result, archaeologists can calculate the age of a sample by measuring the amount of carbon 12 and carbon-14 remaining in it. The traditional method used in measuring the precise ages to calculate the age of objects that date back to 50,000 years. The newer technology that use the device known as Bmjl particles, it is an accurate way to calculate the age-old objects that up to 60000 years. This also applies to even the smallest samples. See: radiocarbon; particle accelerator.
Archaeologists use potassium-argon dating to find a certain age of rock formations containing archaeological materials. The rocks containing these radioactive potassium-40, which is converted to a gas argon 40 fixed rate. The scientists measured the amount of each element is then calculated age of the rock. This method has been used to date rock formations and the bones and tools found in eastern Africa. It was found that the age of the rock about a million and three quarters of a million years, suggesting that the bone tools and also of the same age.
The best way known to history is the history of wood rings of trees. These technical workshops on calculating the annual growth phenomenon on the cross sections of trees felled. The archaeologists have matching rings form an old tree, found in the site, with the rings that old wooden materials to determine the age of the site. The history tree rings is the most accurate in all fields of history, but it uses only wood materials that are not older than about 8000 years.
Study and analysis:
Archaeologists study the phenomena and the tools and analysis in order to obtain information such as: how and where they made tools used. In some cases, scientists are acquiring information through direct experience. In the mid-eighties of the twentieth century Atharion of Cambridge in England to rebuild a ship called the Hellenic classical Treram and sailed by. In this way, learned a lot about the shipbuilding industry, the art of navigation in Greek antiquity. And tools and help to interpret the phenomena of social life that existed in ancient times. The size of houses that might indicate the number of people who lived in one house. Indicate the amount of fossils found in the graves and a value, the social class of the person buried.
The calendar Findings natural, exposing information, such as the type of food that people eat and whether they were producing crops or collecting wild plants. Mosurat can reveal natural patterns of ancient migrations.
The archaeologists have archaeological evidence with the assistance specialists in other fields. Hydrologists animal help identify the bones of animals, and methods of slaughter that prevailed. The scientists also analyzed the plant seeds, to obtain information about the agricultural activities of old. The archaeologists also work with other specialists such as geologists, architects and engineers. And then people who specialize in some cases to run the computers that facilitate the evaluation process and accelerate it to a large extent.
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